Ice-Free Seas in the Arctic Observed in the 17th Century ? According to historical accounts, Dutch sailors reportedly navigated as far as the 89th latitude north in ice-free waters during 1665 and 1675. These journeys, conducted during a warm phase of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) despite the Little Ice Age, may reflect climatic cycles affecting Arctic heat and ice cover. While controversial, these observations emphasize the role of oceanic oscillations in shaping polar conditions, even during typically cold periods such as the Maunder Minimum. Telegram channel : https://t.center/NMHistoire Youtube channel : https://www.youtube.com/@notremysterieusehistoire../featured