Jet People!

Cooling/Heat resistance systems in jet engines:

Inlet Air Cooling:
In this method, cool air from the engine inlet is directed to the hot parts of the engine to cool the compressor, combustion chamber and turbine.

Cooled Blades:
Turbine blades, made of heat-resistant materials, have internal channels for the passage of air or another cooling fluids. These channels help to reduce the temperature of the vanes.

Thermal Conduction Cooling:
In this method, heat is transferred from the hot parts of the engine to the cooler parts by conduction. This can be done through conductive materials and the use of multilayer structures.

Thermal Barrier Coatings:
The use of ceramic and thermal coatings on the surface of the hot parts helps to reduce heat transfer to the internal parts and reduces the surface temperature of the parts.

Liquid Cooling:
In this method, coolant such as fuel or oil is directed to dedicated cooling systems and transferred to the hot parts of the engine through internal channels.

Various basic materials are used in gas turbine engines:

Titanium alloys:

Titanium has a high strength-to-weight ratio, corrosion resistance, and high temperature tolerance resistance.
It is used in important parts such as fan blades, motor shell and compressor parts.

Alloys based on nickel and chromium (superalloys):

These alloys can withstand very high temperatures while maintaining their mechanical properties.
Their application in hot engine parts such as turbines and combustion chambers.

Stainless steel:

High resistance to corrosion and the ability to withstand high mechanical pressures.

It is used in structural parts and components that require high strength.

Composite materials:

Light and resistant with the ability to withstand mechanical and thermal pressures.
They can be used in parts such as fans and external shells that need to reduce weight.

These materials are manufactured and processed with advanced technologies to provide the best performance and safety in harsh operating conditions.

Based on the Boeing 747-200B, the US President's aircraft (Air Force One) is powered by four Pratt & Whitney JT9D-7R4G2 turbofan engines.

These engines are of the high-bypass turbofan type and each is capable of producing about 56,000 pounds of thrust.

JT9D-7R4G2 engines are suitable for long-haul flights due to their high fuel efficiency. The design of these engines includes advanced systems to reduce noise and increase efficiency.

Protection systems and resistance to security threats are important features of these engines.

JT9D engines are an ideal choice for sensitive and important missions due to their high reliability and performance stability.

Using modern technologies, these engines ensure optimal performance and security for the president's plane.

The Pratt & Whitney F119 is one of the most advanced jet engines, designed for the fifth generation fighter F-22 Raptor.

Capable of producing up to 156 kilonewtons (35,000 lb) of thrust in afterburner mode, this engine is particularly suited for complex air missions and high speeds.

The afterburner technology of this engine helps to increase the propulsion power and the maneuverability of the fighter.

This engine has high thermal resistance and weight reduction by using superalloys and composite materials in the construction of hot parts, including the turbine and nozzle.

The advanced cooling systems of this engine also help to improve useful life and performance in high temperature conditions.

Also, F119 engine is equipped with a FADEC electronic control system that optimizes engine performance in all flight conditions.

Due to its technological features and high performance, the Pratt & Whitney F119 is one of the most advanced choices for fifth-generation fighters such as the F-22 Raptor.

The Volvo RM12 is a low-bypass turbofan engine developed by Volvo Aero, derived from the General Electric F404 design for the Saab JAS 39 Gripen fighter.

Key features include:

Thrust: Produces up to 80.5 kN (18,100 lb) of thrust.

Design: It features a dual turbofan configuration that enhances efficiency and exhaust airflow, crucial for high-speed maneuvers.

Materials: Incorporates advanced heat-resistant alloys and superalloys, improving the engine's reliability and lifespan.

Cooling System: An innovative cooling system with internal channels optimizes thermal efficiency and extends component life.

Control: Utilizes a Full Authority Digital Engine Control (FADEC) system, which enhances performance across various flight conditions while minimizing fuel consumption.

Overall, the RM12 is designed for high performance and reliability, supporting the operational needs of the Gripen aircraft effectively.

The Klimov RD-33 engine is a biaxial afterburner turbofan engine designed by the Russian company "Klimov".
This engine is designed for MiG-29 fighters and its output power is about 18,300 pounds of power with afterburner.
RD-33 has a high overall pressure ratio and optimal fuel consumption, which ensures its high performance in various conditions.
The engine also features advanced control systems for improved reliability and easy maintenance.
Various versions of the RD-33 have been produced, which are used to update and upgrade the 4th and 5th generation fighters.

Sustainable aviation fuels (SAF) are produced from renewable sources like vegetable oils, animal fats, and bio-wastes, reducing emissions by up to 80% vs fossil jet fuels.

One of the main advantages of SAF is that it can be used without requiring major changes to existing engines and fueling infrastructure while improving efficiency and reducing petroleum dependence. Also its production creates jobs in renewable industries.

SAF can be used directly or mixed with fossil fuels due to similar chemical composition. Wider SAF adoption enables more sustainable flights.