BASIC BATHOLOGY: ❇️بعض الاختصارات المهمة التي ستتعامل معها في أقسام المستشفيات وكذالك مفيده لطلاب المراحل الاولى.. ➖CRRT :chronic renal replacement therapy .. ➖DLOC :decrease level of conscious . ➖OA : osteoarthritis ➖RA: Rheumatoid arthritis ➖AF :  atrial fibrillation ➖AIDS : acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. ➖AKA : alcoholic ketoacidosis ➖ALL : acute lymphoblastic leukaemia ➖AMI : acute myocardial infarction ➖ARF : acute renal failure ➖BP:  blood pressure ➖CABG: coronary artery bypass graft ➖CAH: congenital adrenal hyperplasia ➖CCF: congestive cardiac failure ➖CF:  cystic fibrosis ➖CHD: coronary heart disease ➖CNS:central nervous system ➖COPD:  chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ➖CPAP:continuous positive airways pressure ➖CRF:  chronic renal failure ➖CSF: cerebrospinal fluid ➖CT: computed tomography ➖CVA:cerebrovascular accident (stroke) ➖CVD: cardiovascular disease ➖DKA: diabetic ketoacidosis ➖DU:  duodenal ulcer ➖DVT: deep vein thrombosis ➖ECG: electrocardiograph ➖EEG: electroencephalogram ➖ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate ➖ESRD:  end-stage renal disease ➖FPG:  fasting plasma glucose ➖GIT: gastrointestinal tract ➖GU:   gastric ulcer ➖GvHD:  graft versus host disease ➖HAV:  hepatitis A virus ➖HBV:  hepatitis B virus ➖Hcg:  human chorionic gonadotrophin ➖HCV :  hepatitis C virus ➖HIV:  human immunodeficiency virus ➖HNA: heparin neutralising activity ➖ICH: intracranial haemorrhage ➖IDA: iron deficiency anaemia ➖IDDM: insulin dependent (type 1) diabetes mellitus ➖IFG: impaired fasting glucose ➖IGT : impaired glucose tolerance ➖IHD: ischaemic heart disease ➖Ig: immunoglobulin ➖IM: intramuscular ➖INR: international normalized ratio ➖ITU:intensive therapy unit ➖IV:  intravenous ➖IVU:intravenous urogram ➖K+: potassium ➖kg:  kilogram ➖KUB: kidney, ureter, bladder (x-ray) ➖LBBB:left bundle branch block ➖LCM: left costal margin ➖LFTs:liver function tests ➖LIF:  left iliac fossa ➖LUQ: left upper quadrant ➖LVF: left ventricular failure ➖LVH: left ventricular hypertrophy ➖MC&S: microscopy, culture & sensitivity ➖MCH:mean cell haemoglobin ➖MI: myocardial infarction ➖Min: minutes ➖MPD: myeloproliferative disease ➖MRI : magnetic resonance imaging ➖MS : multiple sclerosis or mass spectroscopy ➖Na+: sodium ➖NaCl:  sodium chloride ➖OA :  osteoarthritis ➖OCP: oral contraceptive pill ➖PACWP: pulmonary artery capillary wedge pressure ➖PAD: peripheral arterial disease ➖PaO2:partial pressure of O2 in arterial blood PB:  peripheral blood PBC :primary biliary cirrhosis PCI:percutaneous coronary intervention PCL:plasma cell leukaemia PE:pulmonary embolism PR:  per rectum PT: prothrombin time PV:  plasma volume RAS: renal angiotensin system or renal artery stenosis RBBB: right bundle branch block RBCs: red blood cells RCC: red blood cell count Rh: Rhesus RIF: right iliac fossa RUQ: right upper quadrant SC: subcutaneous SDH: subdural haemorrhage SOB: short of breath SM: smooth muscle SVC : superior vena cava SVCO: superior vena caval obstruction SXR:  skull x-ray T°:  temperature t1/2: half-life T4: thyroxine TA: temporal arteritis TB: tuberculosis TFT: thyroid function test TIAs: transient ischaemic attacks . TPO: thyroid peroxidase TRAB: thyrotropin receptor antibodies TSH : thyroid-stimulating hormone TT: thrombin time u/U: units UC: ulcerative colitis U&E:urea and electrolytes UKPDS: United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study URTI:  upper respiratory tract infection UTI: urinary tract infection USS:  ultrasound scan VIII:  C factor VIII clotting activity VIP:  vasoactive intestinal peptide Vit K:  vitamin K VSD: ventricular septal defect WBC:  white blood count or white blood cells UTI : urinary tract infection And other ... The science is widely you can study to improve your skills .. I wish  for you to improve your knowledge and experience for any abbreviations in medicine !! 🔚معلومات جدا مفيدا 🩺🥼 مالفرق بين الغيبوبة الكبدية وغيبوبة السكر؟🙃🤞 أولا/ الغيبوبة الكبدية: