🔲 diabetic ketoacidosis - DKA is an acute, life-threatening medical emergency that can occur in both type I and type II diabetic patients (more common in type I). - Consequences of DKA include hyperglycemia, ketonemia, metabolic acidosis, and volume depletion 🔹 Precipitating factors - Any type of stress or illness (e.g., infection, trauma, myocardial infarction, stroke, surgery, sepsis,) - Inadequate administration of insulin 🔹Diagnosis - hyperglycemia - ketonaemia - metabolic acidosis - Ketonemia and acidosis are required for the diagnosis of DKA. - Hyponatremia - hyperkalemia may be present initially, although total body potassium is low. As insulin is given, it causes a shift of potassium into cells, resulting in a hypokalemia. 🔹Clinical features - Symptoms usually occur rapidly, typically in less than 24 hours - Nausea and vomiting - rapid, deep breathing ( kussmaul's breathing)  - Abdominal pain (more common in children) that may mimic acute abdomen - “Fruity” (acetone) breath odor - Marked dehydration, orthostatic hypotension, tachycardia—volume depletion is always present - Polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, weakness - Altered consciousness, drowsiness, and frank coma may occur if not treated 🔹 Management - The aims of DKA management are to correct circulating volume and electrolyte imbalance -  It is important to identify and treat precipitating causes as well as to prevent complications. - management of DKA include : intravenous insulin, intravenous fluid (normal saline) potassium replacement - finally refer to a diabetes specialist Endocrine System @Endocrine_ATM